Why do preterm babies have a higher risk of complications compared to term babies?

Preterm babies have a higher risk of complications primarily due to their limited metabolic reserves. This means they may not have developed sufficient energy stores or the physiological maturity seen in term infants. Preterm infants are often born before their bodies have had the chance to fully develop critical systems, including their respiratory system, immune system, and ability to regulate body temperature. These limitations make them more susceptible to a range of health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, infections, and difficulties with feeding and growth.

Other factors like birth weight and exposure to environmental stressors do not explain the elevated risk as effectively. For instance, preterm babies typically have a lower birth weight, which is another contributing factor, but it is the combination of reduced metabolic reserves and immature organ systems that truly heightens their vulnerability to complications.